Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies (JAMS),
Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies (JAMS) is an open-access, peer-reviewed multidisciplinary academic journal publishing original research articles, review papers, and scholarly contributions across diverse academic disciplines.
Articles published in the Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies (JAMS) are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), unless otherwise stated. Authors retain copyright of their work and grant JAMS the right of first publication.
Study of Parameters for Internal Finishing Process using Magnetic Field
Magnetic field-assisted finishing (MFAF) is a precision machining process belonging to the category of non-traditional machining processes. In this process, surface finishing and deburring are performed in the presence of a magnetic field. These systems are used in critical applications, such as high-pressure gas or liquid pipelines. Today, the demands placed on production by industry are increasing due to the complexity of working profiles, the need for precision, and the requirement for micro-surface treatment. A review of the literature shows that, although significant research has been conducted on various aspects of the efficient use of DC-driven electromagnets, there is insufficient information regarding the use of electromagnets in internal machining applications. In this study, an experimental setup was designed and constructed to investigate the internal finishing of stainless-steel pins using magnetic materials. The pins were subjected to AC frequency conversion and precision machining. Additionally, the oscillating motion of the pins induces residual compressive stresses on the surface, thereby improving the fatigue integrity of the product. The performance of the developed device was evaluated through a series of experiments. Important parameters, such as magnetic flux density, number of pins, workpiece spindle speed, and working combination, were selected for testing. The effects of these parameters were investigated using the developed experimental setup. The results show that several factors do not have a significant impact on the improvement of workpiece surface quality. The main problems faced by MFAM users are the cost and impracticality of conventional abrasives. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternative finishing methods. The experimental data indicate that small stainless-steel pins can be used for finishing and replacing conventional abrasives in metal surface treatment. However, dynamic movement must be applied to the pins to achieve effective finishing. The configuration developed in this study was used to evaluate the suitability of various parameters and determine how the finishing quality of the specified workpiece area could be improved.
Non Traditional Machining, Magnetic field assisted Machining, Electromagnet, oscillation, frequency
Non-Traditional Machining; Magnetic Field-Assisted Machining; Electromagnet; Oscillation; Frequency; Manufacturing Engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Staff Stressors as Predictors of Teacher Efficacy among Lecturers
This study investigates the effect of staff stressors on teacher efficacy among lecturers in private higher education institutions in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 407 full-time lecturers from three private higher education institutions. Staff stressors were measured across six dimensions: recognition, perceived organizational practices, factors intrinsic to teaching, financial inadequacy, home/work interface, and new challenges, while teacher efficacy was assessed in terms of instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement. Data were analysed using SPSS 27.0 and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4.0. The findings indicated that staff stressors were at a moderate level (M = 3.18, SD = .764), with new challenges recording the highest mean (M = 3.45, SD = .982). Teacher efficacy was also moderate (M = 2.83, SD = .709). More importantly, staff stressors had a significant negative effect on teacher efficacy (β = −.616, t = 18.705, p < .001), explaining 45.6% of the variance in teacher efficacy (R² = .456). The findings suggest that increasing work-related stressors can substantially weaken lecturers’ confidence in performing their teaching roles. Guided by the Job Demands–Resources model, the study highlights the importance of reducing excessive job demands and strengthening institutional support to sustain lecturers’ teaching efficacy.
Education; Educational Management; Higher Education; Educational Psychology; Human Resource Management
Impact of Storm Water Runoff and Flooding on the Sustainability ofthe Hospitality and Tourism Sector in Kenya
Storm water runoff and flooding have developed into major environmental problems which threaten the ability of the hospitality and tourism industry to maintain operations in Kenya. Climate change has increased rainfall intensity which combined with rapid urbanization and poor drainage systems has created more severe storm water issues in key tourist areas throughout the nation. The environmental pressures which affect tourism infrastructure create interruptions in tourism operations while they threaten the economic viability of communities which depend on tourism for their income. The research evaluated how storm water runoff and flooding events affected the sustainable development of Kenya's hospitality and tourism industry. The study examined five areas which included infrastructure damage, interruptions to tourism operations, economic impacts and environmental harm plus social consequences that resulted from storm water flooding. The researchers used a qualitative research design which involved analyzing secondary data from tourist industry reports, government documents, environmental evaluations and Tripadvisor traveler reviews. The research results demonstrate that storm water flooding has damaged tourism infrastructure which includes hotels and lodges and access roads and recreational facilities in Maasai Mara National Reserve and Lake Naivasha. Flooding has interrupted wildlife safari tours which led to tour cancellations and decreased visitor happiness. The quantitative analysis demonstrates that tourism facilities located in flood-prone regions experienced between 8 and 12 percent lower occupancy rates together with 30 percent higher booking cancellations during periods of heavy rainfall from 2024 to 2025. Environmental damage occurs through sedimentation and water body pollution and destruction of wildlife habitats which affects protected ecosystems including Lake Nakuru National Park. The research shows that storm water runoff creates serious threats which endanger the long-term sustainability of Kenya's hospitality and tourism industry. The paper proposes that tourism destinations should establish climate-resilient infrastructure together with better drainage systems and sustainable land-use planning and combined storm water management solutions.
Storm water runoff, tourism sustainability, flooding, hospitality sector, Kenya
Environmental Sciences; Tourism Management; Hospitality Management
Exploring the use of local ingredients and sustainability practices in farm-to-table restaurants: a case study of aic cheptebo conference centre
The research studies the sustainable practices and use of local ingredients within farm-to-table restaurants at AIC Cheptebo Conference Centre. The research study investigates the implementation challenges and advantages of these practices which aim to develop local economies through partnerships with local agricultural farms and producers. The research studies how economical and profitable it is to use local ingredients and sustainable practices while also studying consumer preferences about restaurants that implement these practices. The research identifies the challenges and supporting factors that farm-to-table restaurants encounter when they try to use local ingredients and sustainable methods. The study used a crosssectional research design with 40% of 150 employees as participants. The study discovered that 60% of participants were male 80% of participants belonged to the 18-35 age group and 60% of participants had completed college education. Most respondents remained neutral about whether farm-to-table restaurants helped local producers but 60% of respondents agreed that these practices brought economic advantages and 60% of respondents showed high recommendation probability and 60% of respondents experienced no significant problems accessing treatment. The study discovered that a mostly young and educated workforce showed different opinions about farm-to-table support but the majority agreed with the economic advantages. The study suggests that restaurants should use their economic advantages and high customer recommendation rates to enhance their farm-to-table operations while they work to solve their small challenges in obtaining local ingredients.
Farm-to-table, local ingredients, sustainability practices, economic feasibility, consumer attitudes
Assessing the Impact of Customer Experience and Service Quality onProfitability of Fast-Food Outlets in Kabarnet Town
The study aimed to assess how customer experience and service quality affect the financial performance of fast-food restaurants in Kabarnet Town, which serves as a developing area within Baringo County of Kenya. The study established four primary goals through which it sought to achieve its objectives. The first goal of the study was to analyze customer experience through service speed and food quality and cleanliness and ambiance and overall satisfaction and their impact on profitability. The second goal of the study was to identify the service quality level that establishes customer loyalty. The third goal of the study was to determine the essential link between customer loyalty and profitability. The fourth goal of the study was to investigate the pricing methods which fast-food restaurants use to determine their product costs. A cross-sectional survey design was used to study 200 employees who formed the target group for the research. A sample of 40 respondents (20% of the population) was selected using simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The researchers used descriptive statistics to analyze quantitative data which they presented in tables. Key findings revealed that the workforce is male-dominated (60%) and highly educated (80% with college or university education). Customer experience was rated as having a significant impact on profitability by 80% of respondents. Service quality was rated as very influential on customer loyalty by 60% of respondents. The study found that 60 percent of respondents agreed that customer loyalty creates a direct connection to business profitability. The respondents showed that 80 percent considered pricing strategies to have between moderate and slight impact on their businesses. The study found that both customer experience and service quality determine financial results and customer retention rates. The recommendations for the study establish connections between all study objectives and customer experience improvement and service quality enhancement and customer loyalty management and pricing strategy implementation.
Customer experience, service quality, profitability, customer loyalty, fast-food outlets, Kabarnet Town
Hospitality Management, Tourism and Hospitality, Customer Experience Management, Service Quality Management, Customer Loyalty, Profitability, and Fast-Food Business Management.
Investigating the factors of seasonal changes on hotel business performance in selected star-rated hotels in kabarnet town
The hospitality industry faces ongoing operational difficulties because customer demand and revenue streams and staffing patterns and strategic planning all experience seasonal changes. The research studied the main elements which determine how seasonal variations impact the operational success of selected star-rated hotels in Kabarnet Town Baringo County Kenya. The research used a cross-sectional descriptive study design to gather quantitative data from 40 participants who completed structured questionnaires. The researchers used simple random sampling to choose participants from a population group which consisted of 200 hotel employees. The research team calculated descriptive statistics which included frequencies and percentages and displayed the results through tables using excel. The study identified essential seasonal elements which included climate changes and tourist arrival patterns and local cultural activities and agricultural planting and harvesting times. The research results showed that 80% of participants reported substantial changes in hotel occupancy patterns which occurred because of seasonal fluctuations while 90% of participants reported that seasonal fluctuations impacted hotel service availability. The revenue implications showed that 90% of participants reported that hotels decreased employee work hours or terminated staff during non-peak periods because of revenue constraints. The operational impacts included demand instability which affected 80% of operations and service contraction which affected 90% of operations and workforce instability which affected 90% of operations and adaptive revenue management through flexible pricing which affected 80% of operations. The hotels used flexible pricing as their primary response to demand fluctuations while staff reduction and service availability adjustment remained the most commonly employed responses to demand fluctuations. The research found that companies underused their advanced strategies which included service diversification and strategic partnerships and digital marketing. The research demonstrates that seasonal weather variations cause major disruptions to hotel operations in Kabarnet Town because these conditions lead to lower guest occupancy and reduced hotel services which occur during times of low demand. The study shows that revenue fluctuations force hotels to implement emergency cost reduction tactics which result in staff hour cuts and employee terminations. The research shows that hotel business operations depend on seasonal patterns because these patterns influence how visitors arrive and how hotels provide services and how they handle employee schedules. The study found that hotels use flexible pricing strategies yet their business sustainability suffers because they depend too much on emergency cost reduction methods. The study suggests that hotels should develop year-round demand creation strategies which should include revenue streams that extend beyond room rentals and they need to implement systems that allow them to adjust their staff and inventory operations while increasing their mitigation strategies through partnerships and digital marketing and customer loyalty programs. The research recommends that policymakers should support hotels in Kabarnet through active management programs which help hotels build resilience and maintain their competitive edge during seasonal business fluctuations.
Seasonal changes, hotel performance, occupancy rates, revenue fluctuations, operational strategies, mitigation strategies, Kabarnet Town
Tourism Management; Hospitality Management; Business Management
The Evolution of Tourism Leadership and Institutional Reforms inKenya (1965–2026): A Pathway to Sustainable Development andResilience
This paper gives, in a kind of full comprehensive way, an analysis of how tourism leadership and institutional reforms in Kenya have changed since 1965 up to 2026. It sits inside the frameworks of Transformational, Adaptive, Collaborative Governance, and Sustainable Development Theories, so the whole story is followed step by step. The study basically traces the sector’s path from its post-independence base to how it is placed today within the Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA). Along the way, the analysis moves through key chronological phases, emphasizing leadership turning points, and also the creation of important bodies like the Kenya Tourism Board (KTB), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the Tourism Regulatory Authority (TRA). It also looks closely at what leaders have done for sustainable tourism, while at the same time pointing out stubborn issues, including climate change and gaps in funding. Then it goes on to cover new directions such as digital transformation, and something that is often described as regenerative tourism. Finally, the paper ends with policy recommendations that are meant to be practical, for strengthening resilience, improving inclusion, and boosting global competitiveness, so tourism can keep being a strong pillar in Kenya’s socio-economic development
Tourism Leadership, Institutional Reforms, Kenya, Sustainable Tourism, Transformational Leadership, BETA, Vision 2030, Resilience.
Tourism Leadership, Institutional Reforms, Sustainable Tourism, Transformational Leadership, BETA, Kenya Vision 2030, and Resilience.
Pastoral Women’s Responsiveness in Drought Adaptation Strategiesfor Sustainable Livelihoods in Asayita and Aballa Districts, Ethiopia
Background: Pastoralist communities in the Asayita and Aballa districts of the Afar Region, Ethiopia, are increasingly vulnerable to recurrent droughts and climate variability. Within these communities, women play a central role in managing household livelihoods. Climate shocks disproportionately affect them, yet their adaptive knowledge and capacities remain significant and often under recognized. Objective: The study aimed to assess how pastoral women in Asayita and Aballa respond to drought, participate in decision-making, and access institutional support. Methods: The study employed a mixed-methods design combining a household survey, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and field observations. The household survey covered 300 pastoralist households, with 150 respondents selected from each district. Qualitative data were collected through 8 FGDs (4 per district), with 5 participants in each group, resulting in 40 FGD participants, and 10 KIIs (5 per district) involving local administrators, development agents, and NGO personnel. Participants were selected using purposive and stratified sampling techniques. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: The findings reveal a stark gender imbalance in climate adaptation. Women carry out nearly all domestic and survival tasks, including preparing food (86.7%), fetching water (80.7%), cleaning (86.3%), childcare (73.7%), grinding grain (100%), building Qarrey (traditional houses) (100%), and mat weaving (88.3%), with participation rates far exceeding men’s. Key livelihood challenges identified were poor transportation (85%), food insecurity (83.7%), and water scarcity (82.3%), along with limited health services (74%), fuelwood shortages (55%), and lack of agricultural inputs (43.7%). Despite their contributions, women’s labor remains undervalued. In MHH, men contribute by virtue of presence, not shared responsibility. In FHHs, women shoulder all burdens with minimal support. Exclusion from decision-making and inadequate post-disaster aid further limits women’s adaptive capacity. Conclusions Strengthening resilience in pastoralist communities depends on prioritizing women's inclusion in development initiatives. Economic empowerment of women, along with their involvement in adaptation planning, is crucial for building effective climate resilience within communities
Adaptation strategies, drought, pastoralism, sustainable livelihoods, women
Environmental Studies Climate Change & Adaptation Agricultural Sciences Rural Development Sustainable Development Social Sciences Gender Studies Development Studies Agriculture & Natural Resource Management Human Geography
The Contribution of Water Spreading Weirs in Alleviating Water andFeed Shortages in Ewa and Yalo Districts, Afar Region, Ethiopia
Introduction: Water-spreading weirs (WSWs), introduced in Chad in the 1990s with Swiss support, effectively mitigate water scarcity and forage shortages. By harvesting seasonal floodwaters, WSWs improve water and forage availability, enhance household food security, restore ecosystems, and strengthen the climate resilience of pastoral communities. Objective: This study assesses the contribution of WSWs to water availability, livestock feed, food security, and climate resilience in Ethiopia's drought-prone Afar Region (Ewa and Yalo districts). Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional design was employed using data from 176 households, comprising 106 beneficiaries (treated) and 70 non-beneficiaries (control) households. Quantitative analyses compared water availability, livestock feed, and food security outcomes between groups. Results: WSW interventions produced significant positive effects among beneficiaries. Overall, 70.8% of treated households reported improved water and feed availability (χ² = 18.264, p < 0.05). Frequent livestock water shortages declined from 78.3% before the intervention to 14.2% afterward, while acute fodder shortages decreased from 80.2% to 1.9% (χ² = 27.237, p < 0.05; V = 0.507). Compared with controls, beneficiaries reported greater improvements in surface water availability (93.4% vs. 74.3% worsening; χ² = 154.960, p < 0.05; V = 0.938), feed availability (83.0% improved vs. 84.3% declining; χ² = 147.497, p < 0.05; V = 0.915), and household food security (72.6% vs. 17.2%; χ² = 55.635, p < 0.05; V = 0.562). Conclusion: WSWs improve water retention, pasture recovery, and household food security, demonstrating their effectiveness as a nature-based solution for strengthening resilience in arid and semi-arid pastoral areas such as Afar.
Climate adaptation, feed shortage, pastoral resilience, floodwater harvesting, livestock health, water and forage availability, Water Spreading Weirs.
Climate Change & Environmental Studies Agricultural Sciences Animal & Veterinary Sciences Livestock Production Natural Resource Management Water Resources Management Rangeland & Pastoral Studies Sustainable Development Environmental Engineering Rural Development
Heinous and abominable acts in armed conflicts: a critical legal analysis of attacks on hospitals, churches, and medical personnel
This study critically examines the protection of hospitals, churches, and medical personnel under international humanitarian law, with particular focus on the legal implications of attacks against these specially protected entities during armed conﬂicts. The study adopts a doctrinal legal research methodology based on the analysis of treaties, customary international humanitarian law, judicial decisions, and scholarly literature. It finds that the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977, the Hague Convention of 1954, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court establish a comprehensive legal framework prohibiting attacks against medical and religious institutions and personnel. Despite these legal protections, the study reveals that such attacks continue to occur due to weak enforcement mechanisms, inadequate accountability, and persistent non-compliance by parties to armed conﬂicts. The study further examines the circumstances under which the special protection accorded to hospitals, churches, and medical personnel may cease and emphasizes that such exceptions must be interpreted restrictively. It concludes that strengthening accountability, improving domestic implementation of international humanitarian law, enhancing military compliance, and reinforcing international cooperation are essential for ensuring effective protection. The study contributes to existing scholarship by providing an integrated legal analysis of attacks against hospitals, churches, and medical personnel within a single analytical framework and by identifying practical measures for strengthening the special protection regime under international humanitarian law.
Abominable Acts, Armed Conflicts, Critical Legal Analysis, Churches, Heinous, Hospitals, and Medical Personnel.
Development and performance evaluation of a multi-purpose grain thresher for maize, sorghum, millet, and beans
Post-harvest grain losses caused by inefficient threshing technologies remain a critical constraint to agricultural productivity in developing economies. This study reports the development and performance evaluation of the Yalwa Multi-Purpose Grain Thresher, designed to process maize, sorghum, millet, and beans using a single adaptable system. The machine incorporates an interchangeable sieve mechanism that enables effective separation of grains with varying physical characteristics. Fabrication was carried out at the Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology Workshop, Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, under the leadership of Engineer Issa Yelwa, with technical support staff. Performance evaluation revealed a maximum threshing efficiency of 92%, indicating effective grain detachment and separation with minimal losses. The machine produced grains of satisfactory quality with low visible damage, demonstrating its suitability for small- and medium-scale farming applications. The developed thresher offers a cost-effective, versatile, and locally appropriate solution for reducing post- harvest losses and improving grain processing efficiency. The findings highlight the potential of the machine to contribute to sustainable agricultural mechanization in resource-constrained environments.
Multi-purpose grain thresher; post-harvest losses; threshing efficiency; agricultural mechanization; interchangeable sieve.
Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration: A systematic review of Governance, service delivery, ethical issues and research directions
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming public administration in many ways, improving government decision making, delivering public services, and assisting in digital transformation. While the amount of research in this field is growing rapidly, the body of knowledge is still fragmented across disciplines, making it difficult to have a full picture of what opportunities, challenges, and implications AI poses for public sector organizations. The study examined peer-reviewed publications from 2019 to 2026 to draw insights from recent research on the use of AI in the public sector. The study employs a systematic literature review with critical thematic synthesis to examine the conceptual foundations of AI, its applications in public administration and public service delivery, governance opportunities, ethical and legal issues, institutional challenges, and emerging research directions in investigating the conceptual basis of AI, applications of AI in public service delivery and administration, opportunities resulting from the application of AI in public service, ethical and governance issues, institutional challenges, and new research directions. The review concludes that AI can enhance the efficiency of administration, evidence-based policy making, resource management, and citizen engagement. But the implementation is only possible with a solution to algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, privacy, cybersecurity, institutional capacity, and public trust that are prevalent. The analysis also uncovers critical gaps in both the literature and the evidence, such as the lack of empirical studies, lack of representation of developing country contexts, and lack of attention to human–AI collaboration and the effectiveness of governance. The research provides a cohesive framework for the fragmented evidence, highlights important research areas, and offers practical and policy guidance to responsible and appropriate utilization of AI in public administration in the context of digital government. This research offers recommendations to researchers, policy-makers and public managers working to promote trusted, ethical, and citizen-centred AI-driven governance.
Artificial intelligence, Public administration, Digital government, Public service delivery, AI governance, Administrative decision-making, Ethical AI, Digital transformation.
Feasibility analysis of an off grid hybrid photovoltaic wind power system for a health clinic at samara university
Environmental and economic problems that caused by over-dependence on fossil fuels have increased the demand and request for green energy produced by alternative renewable sources. At the Health Clinic of Samara University there is a frequent power interruption, and this causes a problem in the working area of the site, especially in the more power sensitive in the emergency room and the laboratory room. When power is interrupted it may become a cause for the death of many infants, pregnant mothers, patients in the emergency rooms and others. Thus, the main purpose of this research work, is the feasibility study of PV-Wind hybrid energy system with diesel generator as a backup and battery bank as storage to electrify for Health Clinic at Samara University. The feasibility study of this research is analyzed using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewable (HOMER) software. The paper utilized meteorological data obtained from National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia and NASA to estimate the solar and wind energy potentials of the site. Primary load demand of the site is 212 kwh/day, peak load of 24 kw, deferrable energy is about 3.5 kwh/day, and deferrable peak load of 800W was involved during optimization of the power system. Well known HOMER software modeling tool has been used to design the off-grid system of the site. Since, the Wind and solar energy are considered as primary sources to supply electricity directly to the load and to charge the battery bank when excess generation is happened. However, in peak demand times diesel generator could also be engaged. During the design of this power system set-up, the simulation and optimization was done based on the electricity load, climatic data sources, economics of the power components and other parameters in which the Net Present Cost (NPC) has to be minimized to select an economic feasible power system. The simulation results show many different feasible system configurations with different level of total NPC have been obtained from the HOMER Software. From the overall system simulation results containing the PV-wind-diesel generator-battery-converter setup shows a COE of $0.091/kwh and a total net present cost (NPC) of $91,217 has been proposed to the site. This set up system has no capacity shortage and no unmet electric load. Although the proposed system has relatively higher the levelized cost of energy (COE) than the national tariff of Ethiopia ($0.018/kwh), but it is the lower range of global electricity tariff. In my point of view, the energy shortage at the national level, resistance to deforestation, clean energy development and expansion of power generation, it is a highly recommendable solution.
The Role of Supply Chain Visibility in Enhancing SME Resilience During Disruptions: A Case Study of the Afar Regional State, Ethiopia.
This study examines The Role of Supply Chain Visibility in Enhancing SME Resilience during Disruptions: A Case Study of the Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Afar Regional State operate within a volatile logistics environment, serving as a vital link in Ethiopia’s international trade corridor. However, frequent supply chain disruptions ranging from infrastructure deficits to environmental shocks threaten their survival. While Supply Chain Visibility (SCV) is theorized to bolster resilience, empirical evidence in the context of regional, resource-constrained economies remains scarce. This study investigates the impact of three dimensions of SCV Information Sharing (IS), Connectivity (CON), and Information Quality (IQ) on the resilience of SMEs in the Afar Regional State. A mixed-methods research design was employed, utilizing a pragmatic approach. Quantitative data was collected via structured Likert-scale questionnaires from a stratified random sample of 150 SME managers/owners in key hubs including Semera, Logia, and Mille. The data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) via SPSS. Standard diagnostic tests, including normality, multicollinearity (VIF), and heteroskedasticity, were conducted to ensure model validity. Descriptive results reveal that while relational information sharing is moderate (M=3.12), technological connectivity is significantly low (M=2.45). Regression analysis indicates that SCV dimensions collectively explain 56.2% of the variance in SME resilience (R2=.562, p<.001). Notably, Information Quality emerged as the strongest predictor of resilience (β=.422), followed by Information Sharing (β=.285), while Connectivity showed a significant but weaker influence (β=.112). These results suggest that in the Afar region, the accuracy and utility of shared data are more critical for recovery than digital infrastructure alone. The study concludes that SCV is a fundamental driver of SME survival in the Djibouti-Addis corridor. It is recommended that the Afar Regional Government invests in digital infrastructure to bridge the "visibility gap," while SME managers should focus on enhancing the reliability of their information-sharing networks. The findings provide a framework for policy interventions aimed at transforming the Afar region from a transit route into a resilient economic hub.
Supply Chain Visibility, SME Resilience, Afar Regional State, Information Quality, Ethiopia Logistics, Djibouti Corridor.
Accessing the Impact of climate variability on Public Health in Rural Bangladesh: A Mixed Study in Patuakhali District
This study planned to evaluate the existing adverse impact of climate change on public health in Kalapara Upazila. For this purpose, the Najibpur ward of Mohipur union was selected randomly from Kalapara Upazila under the Patuakhali district. Fifty respondents were selected following a systematic sampling technique. The necessary data was collected by conducting the questionnaire survey. In addition, five in-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data. Finally, the collected data were presented and analyzed through producing percentile results, cross table and significance test. The study findings showed that most of the people addressed that members of their families are affected by almost every seasonal changes by the adverse impact of climate change. In the study area, natural disaster is a recurrent event that discontinuous their traditional living activities by destroying peoples crops, fisheries and other native occupations. Such incessant and adverse climatic impacts forcing people belong to the unexpected impoverished and filthy health conditions. A mixed method strategy was followed to conduct the study. The duration of the study was January 2024 to February 2024. This study results showed temperature change directly or indirectly contributes to physical and psychological states among the study community. At the end, a few recommendations provided that may help to resolve the climate related filthy health conditions and to improve national policy.
Climate variability, Coastal village, Public health, Bangladesh
The Implementation of Administrative Litigation by the Administrative Courts in the North-West and South-West Regions of Cameroon
Administrative litigation in Cameroon has evolved through three distinct historical periods shaped by political transitions. Despite successive reforms, the substantive content governing administrative courts has remained largely unchanged. Rooted in the French civil law tradition, the system creates structural tensions in the bi-jural North-West and South-West regions. This study appraises how effectively administrative courts in these English-speaking regions adjudicate disputes. A qualitative approach was adopted, judicial decisions, document review, and unstructured interviews with judges, lawyers, and court registrars. Findings reveal critical disparities between the French and English versions of Law No. 2006/022, particularly in translation and legal terminology. These disparities create ambiguity and unequal application of the law. Additionally, bi-jural tensions, weak institutional capacity, and the armed conflict further undermine effective adjudication. As a result, access to justice in these regions remains significantly compromised. Legislative reform, institutional capacity building, and strengthened professional training are therefore necessary to improve administrative justice in English-speaking regions of Cameroon.
Administrative Courts, Administrative litigation, South West Region, and North West Region.
The Inviolability of Human Rights: An Analysis of Jus Cogens Norms in International Law
This article examines the inviolability of human rights through an analysis of jus cogens norms in international law. It explores the legal, philosophical, and theoretical foundations of peremptory norms and their role in safeguarding fundamental human rights. Adopting Natural Law Theory as its theoretical framework and employing a doctrinal research methodology, the study analyzes relevant international treaties, customary international law, judicial decisions, and scholarly literature. The findings reveal that jus cogens norms occupy the highest position in the hierarchy of international law and constitute the strongest legal basis for protecting non-derogable rights by invalidating conﬂicting treaties, generating obligations erga omnes, permitting universal jurisdiction, and imposing responsibility on states and individuals for serious violations of international law. The study further observes that, despite challenges such as inconsistent state practice, selective enforcement, and the absence of an exhaustive catalogue of jus cogens norms, these peremptory norms remain indispensable to the protection of human dignity, the promotion of accountability, and the progressive development of international law. It concludes that the inviolability of fundamental human rights is firmly rooted in jus cogens norms, making their effective recognition and enforcement essential for achieving justice, preserving the rule of law, and strengthening the international human rights regime.
Analysis, Inviolability, International Law, Human Rights, and Jus Cogens Norms