Trichoderma as a Biocontrol Agent and Biofertilizer in Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

The excessive use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers has contributed to the emergence of resistant plant pathogens, environmental pollution, and declining soil fertility. Consequently, sustainable alternatives such as biological control agents and biofertilizers are increasingly being explored. Among these, Trichoderma species have gained considerable attention due to their ability to suppress plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Trichoderma enhances plant health through mechanisms such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition, nutrient solubilization, and stimulation of plant growth-promoting substances. As biofertilizers, these fungi improve soil fertility and nutrient availability, particularly through phosphate solubilization and enhanced nutrient uptake. This review highlights the applications and mechanisms of Trichoderma species as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, with emphasis on their role in disease management, plant growth promotion, and sustainable crop production. The increasing commercial application of Trichoderma-based products demonstrates their potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.