Integrated Sequential Extraction and Trace Element Geochemistry for Assessing Element Mobility and Fractionation in the Ikole–Itapaji Basement Complex, Southwestern Nigeria
Keywords:
Sequential extraction; Trace element geochemistry; Element mobility; Fractionation; Ikole–Itapaji; Southwestern Nigeria.Abstract
This study integrates sequential extraction and trace element geochemistry to assess the mobility, fractionation, and environmental behaviour of trace elements within the Ikole–Itapaji Basement Complex, Southwestern Nigeria. Representative samples were analysed using a modified seven-step sequential extraction procedure, while correlation and factor analyses were employed to determine elemental associations and the principal controls on trace element distribution. The results show that Fe and Mn dominate all geochemical fractions, with the highest concentrations occurring in the Fe–Mn oxide, sulfide/strongly bound, and residual fractions, indicating strong lithological control and low mobility. Conversely, only minor proportions of the analysed trace elements occur in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions, suggesting limited bioavailability under the prevailing environmental conditions. Correlation analysis reveals a strong Cu–Ni–Co–Fe–Zn association controlled primarily by lithology, whereas the Pb–Ag–Th association reflects localized hydrothermal enrichment. Factor analysis extracted two significant components that account for 92.04% of the total variance, representing the dominant lithological factor and a subordinate hydrothermal pathfinder factor. Overall, the integrated results indicate that trace element distribution in the study area is governed predominantly by basement lithology, with localized hydrothermal processes contributing to elemental enrichment. The predominance of trace elements in stable geochemical fractions indicates low environmental mobility and minimal immediate ecological, groundwater contamination, and human health risks, although future weathering or mining activities could enhance trace element release. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating sequential extraction with trace element geochemistry for evaluating element mobility, environmental risk, and mineralization potential in crystalline basement terrains.
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